{"id":11627,"date":"2021-05-27T13:30:22","date_gmt":"2021-05-27T13:30:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/2021\/05\/kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar\/"},"modified":"2024-11-21T00:25:21","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T21:25:21","slug":"kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/2021\/05\/kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar\/","title":{"rendered":"Kolombiya Protestolar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi: Sorunun K\u00f6kleri, \u015eiddetin Sebepleri, Talepler ve Olas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE-ISSN: 2718-0549\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.35114.75208\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOI: 110.13140\/RG.2.2.35114.75208\/2<br>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash-360x203.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/flavia-carpio-P3PFi8THbUs-unsplash.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<h4>\u00d6zet<\/h4>\n<p>Kolombiya\u2019da 28 Nisan\u2019da <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/thousands-colombians-march-protest-government-tax-proposals-2021-04-28\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vergi ve sa\u011fl\u0131k reformlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan protestolar\u0131n<\/a> etkisi geni\u015fleyerek \u00fclkedeki k\u00f6kl\u00fc ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlarla ilgili farkl\u0131 talepleri de i\u00e7eren bir toplumsal harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Olaylarda ba\u015fta polis ve ordu olmak \u00fczere paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Kolombiya Devrimci Silahl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7leri (<em>Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia<\/em> \u2013 FARC) ve Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu (<em>E<\/em><em>j\u00e9rcito de Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional<\/em> \u2013 ELN) gibi sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplar ile a\u015f\u0131r\u0131la\u015fan baz\u0131 sivillerin \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmas\u0131 protestolar\u0131n \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir etmen oldu. Olaylarda bir\u00e7ok ma\u011faza ya\u011fmalan\u0131rken, banka, durak gibi yerler zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 zamanda halen devam eden protestolarda 40\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerinde insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Bu yaz\u0131da Kolombiya\u2019da devam eden protestolar kapsam\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki sosyal ve ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n k\u00f6kleri ile protestocular\u0131n talepleri irdelenerek neler olup bitti\u011fine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>Toplumsal Gerilimin K\u00f6kenleri: Sosyal ve Ekonomik Adaletsizlik<\/h3>\n<p>Kolombiya\u2019daki mevcut eylemlerin ana sebebinin sosyal ve ekonomik e\u015fitsizlikler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn (Safford ve Palacios, 2002). Nitekim \u00fclkedeki sosyal ve ekonomik adaletsizli\u011fin k\u00f6kleri \u00fclkenin kurulu\u015funa kadar gitmektedir (LeGrand, 1985, 2003; Bushnell, 1993). 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda \u0130spanyol yerle\u015fimcilerin kolonile\u015ftirdi\u011fi Kolombiya, 1800\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Simon Bolivar \u00f6nderli\u011findeki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi sonucunda \u0130spanyol hakimiyetinden kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015farabildi. Fakat \u00fclke i\u00e7inde zengin ve fakir aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum sona ermedi (Safford ve Palacios, 2002). Zaten Simon Bolivar\u2019\u0131n Latin Amerika\u2019da ABD benzeri bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturma hayaliyle kurdu\u011fu B\u00fcy\u00fck Kolombiya (<em>Gran Colombia<\/em>) da k\u0131sa zamanda da\u011f\u0131larak yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde mevcut \u00fclkeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n<p>Kolombiya\u2019da \u015fehir merkezlerinde rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fclebilen sosyal ve ekonomik e\u015fitsizlikler, k\u0131rsalda \u00e7ok daha kat\u0131 bir \u015fekilde devam etmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ile topraks\u0131z fakir k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra art\u0131k son derece daralm\u0131\u015f olan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yerli kabileler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan gerilim de \u00fclkenin kurulu\u015fundan bu yana halen devam etmektedir. Bu kapsamda \u00fclkede gizli bir kast sisteminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>20.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar \u00fclke y\u00f6netiminde geleneksel iki parti olan Muhafazakar ve Liberal Partiler s\u00f6z sahibi oldu ve zaman zaman iki parti ve se\u00e7menleri aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 sava\u015fa varan gerilimler ya\u015fand\u0131 (LeGrand, 1985, 2003). Kolombiya siyasal tarihi incelendi\u011finde, \u00fclkede hi\u00e7bir zaman sol bir partinin ba\u015fa ge\u00e7medi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00fclkedeki sosyal e\u015fitliksizlikleri sonland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen, bu kapsamda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir toprak reformu yapmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilen bir y\u00f6netim de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zellikle, Muhafazakar ve Liberal Partilerin aralar\u0131nda anla\u015farak 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurduklar\u0131 Milli Cephe (<em>Frente Nacional<\/em>), 1974 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam etti ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te alternatif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler me\u015fru politik arenada kendilerine yer bulamad\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nem, \u00fclkedeki sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem olarak da dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir (Baysal, 2019).&nbsp; \u00d6zellikle orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, mevcut politik yap\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde olmas\u0131 FARC gibi silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n zamanla toplum nezdinde de destek kazanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Fakat 1980\u2019lerden itibaren ba\u015fta bu sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 zengin kesimin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla daha sa\u011f e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 paramiliter gruplar da kuruldu (Romero 2000, Baysal, 2019). Zamanla daha otonom hale gelen bu gruplar hem sosyo-ekonomik olarak alt kademede olan insanlar\u0131 hem de sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in zaman zaman \u00fclkenin silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenmi\u015ftir (Tate, 2001). T\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmelere paralel olarak, 1980\u2019lerde uyu\u015fturucu \u00fcretim ve ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi faaliyetlerin ba\u015f g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 gerek mevcut silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak gerekse silahl\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu kartellerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyerek \u00fclkedeki \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dinamikler, ba\u015flarda sa\u011f-sol politik emellerle kurulan bir\u00e7ok silahl\u0131 grubun kriminalize olmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u201c<em>Desecuritization of FARC and New Dynamics of Violence<\/em>\u201d projesi (Bkz. Not 1) kapsam\u0131nda Kolombiya\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda m\u00fclakatlarla da tespit etti\u011fimiz \u00fczere, fakir k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 \u201ckapitalist\u201d devlete ve zengin toprak sahiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla kurulan FARC da dahil bir\u00e7ok silahl\u0131 grup uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz Tumaco \u015fehrindeki (hem Ekvador s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda olmas\u0131 hem de Pasifik Okyanusu\u2019nun k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda olmas\u0131 sebebiyle kokain \u00fcretim ve ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015fta gelen \u015fehirlerden birisidir) t\u00fcm mahalleler birbiriyle d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k i\u00e7erisindeki iki ayr\u0131 FARC fraksiyonunun kontrol alt\u0131ndayken, burada bu gruplar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015fayan insanlar konuyla ilgili k\u0131s\u0131k sesli konu\u015fmaktan dahi \u00e7ekinmektedir. \u00dclke genelinde de benzer silahl\u0131 gruplar kurulu\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131larak ve daha ziyade maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceleyerek halk\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcm bu \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle sosyo-ekonomik anlamda ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f olarak nitelendirilebilecek Kolombiyal\u0131lar (\u00f6zellikle k\u0131rsaldaki topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve yerli kabileler) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda hayatlar\u0131na devam etmektedir. Tabii ki bu bask\u0131 Kolombiya halk\u0131n\u0131 patlamaya haz\u0131r bir saatli bomba haline getirmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Bu sebepledir ki \u00fclkede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seviyede ba\u015flayan eylemler dahi bir anda b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek halihaz\u0131rda ya\u015fanan protestolar gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 toplumsal hareketlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmektedir. Mevcut sosyo-ekonomik adaletsizlikler ve \u015fiddet sarmal\u0131n\u0131n hakim oldu\u011fu \u00fclkede bu t\u00fcr protestolardan ba\u015fka dezavantajl\u0131 konumdaki insanlar\u0131n yapabilece\u011fi bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir, bu mevcut protestolar\u0131n neden alevlenerek b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-G\u00f6sterilerde-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen-insanlar\u0131n-simlerinin-yaz\u0131l\u0131-oldu\u011fu-Pankartta-katliamlar\u0131-durdurun-yaz\u0131yor-498x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-G\u00f6sterilerde-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen-insanlar\u0131n-simlerinin-yaz\u0131l\u0131-oldu\u011fu-Pankartta-katliamlar\u0131-durdurun-yaz\u0131yor-498x1024.jpeg 498w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-G\u00f6sterilerde-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen-insanlar\u0131n-simlerinin-yaz\u0131l\u0131-oldu\u011fu-Pankartta-katliamlar\u0131-durdurun-yaz\u0131yor-146x300.jpeg 146w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-G\u00f6sterilerde-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen-insanlar\u0131n-simlerinin-yaz\u0131l\u0131-oldu\u011fu-Pankartta-katliamlar\u0131-durdurun-yaz\u0131yor-360x740.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-G\u00f6sterilerde-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen-insanlar\u0131n-simlerinin-yaz\u0131l\u0131-oldu\u011fu-Pankartta-katliamlar\u0131-durdurun-yaz\u0131yor.jpeg 720w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" width=\"498\" height=\"1024\"><figcaption>Bogota, G\u00f6sterilerde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen insanlar\u0131n isimlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu Pankartta katliamlar\u0131 durdurun yaz\u0131yor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Yak\u0131n D\u00f6nemde Ya\u015fananlar ve Halk\u0131n Talepleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da ele al\u0131nan hususlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Kolombiya toplumsal mobilizasyon ve eylemlerin s\u0131kl\u0131kla ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131\/ya\u015fanmas\u0131 beklenen bir \u00fclke olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r (Archilla,2021). Hem silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 hem de ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar Kolombiya halk\u0131n\u0131 hayat\u0131ndan bezdirmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, hem 2019 hem de ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sene sonunda Latin Amerika genelinde <a href=\"https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/08\/20\/americas\/latam-covid-19-protests-intl\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ya\u015fanan protestolar\u0131n<\/a> bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve \u00f6zellikle Bogota\u2019da e\u011fitim, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, e\u015fitsizlik vb. taleplerle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenewhumanitarian.org\/analysis\/2020\/09\/25\/Colombia-protests-police-violence-inequality-corruption\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ba\u015flayan protestolar<\/a> ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yerli kabilelerin de protestolara kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/police-violence-in-latin-america-out-of-control\/a-55231675\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 yitirirken<\/a>, olaylar Covid-19 pandemisinin ba\u015flamas\u0131yla sona erdi ve sorunlar yine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l ya\u015fanan olaylar pandemi nedeniyle sona erse de mevcut olaylar\u0131n \u015fimdi patlak vermesinin en \u00f6nemli nedeni de yine pandemi olmu\u015ftur. Kolombiya pandemiden en \u00e7ok etkilenen \u00fclkelerden birisidir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki milyon Venezuelal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7mene ev sahipli\u011fi yapan Kolombiya\u2019da i\u015fsizlik pandemi \u00f6ncesinde zaten \u00f6nemli bir sorunken, pandemi insanlar\u0131n gelirlerini kaybetmelerine ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kolombiya\u2019da bir di\u011fer sorun ku\u015fkusuz kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n durumu. \u00dclkede bir\u00e7ok insan sokaklarda bir \u015feyler satarak g\u00fcndelik olarak ge\u00e7imini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Covid-19 kapsam\u0131nda al\u0131nan soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kma yasa\u011f\u0131 vb. tedbirler bu insanlar\u0131 bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahkum etmi\u015f durumda. M\u00fclakat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ki\u015filerin de ifade etti\u011fi \u00fczere \u201cart\u0131k insanlar\u0131n kaybedece\u011fi bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Olaylar\u0131n \u015fimdi patlak vermesinin ba\u015fka bir nedeni de 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.peaceagreements.org\/wview\/1845\/Final%20Agreement%20to%20End%20the%20Armed%20Conflict%20and%20Build%20a%20Stable%20and%20Lasting%20Peace\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FARC ile imzalanan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> tam olarak uygulanmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan hemen sonra, s\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 olan eski devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Alvaro Uribe\u2019nin partisinden Ivan Duque ba\u015fkan olarak se\u00e7ildi. Bu geli\u015fme bar\u0131\u015f anlamas\u0131nda karara ba\u011flanan konular\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck aksakl\u0131klar\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. Bundan dolay\u0131 tekrar silahlanmaya ba\u015flayan eski FARC militanlar\u0131, ki bir k\u0131sm\u0131 zaten silah b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, \u00fclkedeki \u015fiddetin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da insanlar\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n daha da artmas\u0131na sebep oldu. Bu kapsamda sadece g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz eski FARC \u00fcyeleri de\u011fil, yerli kabile \u00fcyeleri dahi devletin hem FARC\u2019\u0131 hem de toplumu aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Anla\u015fman\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n eski FARC \u00fcyelerinin silahlanmas\u0131ndan daha derin oldu\u011funu ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. S\u00f6z konusu bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 sadece FARC\u2019\u0131n silah b\u0131rakmas\u0131 ya da ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi adaleti gibi hususlar\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fclkedeki sosyal e\u015fitsizlikler ile yukar\u0131da belirtilen toplumun sosyo-ekonomik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ilgili de bir\u00e7ok madde i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, toprak reformu ile topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere toprak verilmesi, koka (kokainin ham maddesi) \u00fcreticisi \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere ba\u015fka \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretmeleri i\u00e7in destek verilmesi, k\u0131rsalda \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayacak altyap\u0131 (sulama sistemi, nakil yollar\u0131 vb.) imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, demokratik protesto hakk\u0131n\u0131n getirilmesi vb. do\u011frudan fakir halk\u0131n imkan ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik maddeler de bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finde mevcut. Bu gibi hususlar\u0131n uygulanm\u0131yor olu\u015fu da protestolar\u0131n tetiklenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir etkendir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, proje kapsam\u0131nda Cauca ve Caqueta\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz koka \u00fcreticisi \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda devlet deste\u011fi umuduyla koka tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ancak destek gelmeyince bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ift\u00e7inin tekrar koka \u00fcretimine d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ifade etmi\u015flerdir. Burada k\u0131rsalda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z etnografik g\u00f6zlemler altyap\u0131 anlam\u0131nda gerekli ad\u0131mlar\u0131n at\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Olaylar\u0131n neden \u015fimdi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine dair yap\u0131lan genel a\u00e7\u0131klamalara ek olarak, olaylar\u0131n fitilini ne ate\u015fledi sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bir \u00f6nceki Santos h\u00fck\u00fcmetine g\u00f6re daha sa\u011f e\u011filimli olan mevcut Duque h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Nisan 2021\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymak istedi\u011fi vergi reformu ve sa\u011fl\u0131k reformu protestolar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olan son k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m olarak g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmaktad\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00f6zellikle vergi reformuyla Covid-19 d\u00f6neminde daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in alt-orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine daha fazla bir ekonomik y\u00fck getirmektedir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, yeni d\u00fczenlemeyle akaryak\u0131t ile \u00e7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretti\u011fi patates vb. \u00fcr\u00fcnlere vergiler gelirken, zengin i\u015f adamlar\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 end\u00fcstrilere herhangi bir vergi y\u00fck\u00fc getirilmemektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u011fl\u0131k reformuna bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, \u00fclkede devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen bir sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurumu bulunmamakta ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sigortas\u0131 i\u015fleri \u00f6zel \u015firketler \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Yeni sa\u011fl\u0131k reformu bu sistemin daha da \u00f6zelle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca reform \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131rken hem normal insanlar\u0131 hem de sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 bu kurulu\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 daha dezavantajl\u0131 bir konuma getirecek unsurlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz m\u00fclakatlarda ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, mevcut sistemde bile hastanelerden randevu alamad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yak\u0131nan Kolombiyal\u0131lar, bu yeni d\u00fczenlemeler ile hali haz\u0131rda \u00f6zel olan bu sa\u011fl\u0131k sigorta sisteminin oligar\u015fik bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini ve bunun da insanlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinden yararlanmada \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir hale getirece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belli bir kronik hastal\u0131\u011fa sahip insanlar\u0131n daha fazla sa\u011fl\u0131k sigorta \u00fccreti \u00f6demeleri gibi. B\u00f6ylece sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetinin bir hak olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p tamamen \u00fccretli bir servis haline gelme riski bulunmaktad\u0131r. Zaten, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede protestolarda kullan\u0131lan pankartlarda sa\u011fl\u0131k imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir hak oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki talepler de dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Olaylar bu iki kanun teklifine \u2013vergi ve sa\u011fl\u0131k &#8211; kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olsa da h\u0131zla geni\u015fleyerek daha farkl\u0131 taleplerin de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir toplumsal harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/colombias-president-withdraws-tax-reform-after-protests-2021-05-02\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vergi reformunun geri \u00e7ekilmesi<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/colombia-finance-minister-resigns-after-protests-against-tax-reform\/a-57418516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hazine bakan\u0131n\u0131n istifa etmesi<\/a>protestolar\u0131n durulmas\u0131na yeterli olmad\u0131. Protestolara kat\u0131lan halk\u0131n taleplerini k\u0131saca belirtmek gerekirse ilk g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan\u0131n \u00fccretsiz e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in uygun yurt imkanlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kolombiya\u2019da devlet \u00fcniversiteleri de dahil t\u00fcm y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim \u00fccretli. \u00dcniversite \u00fccretleri ise toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesiminin kar\u015f\u0131layabilece\u011fi seviyelerde de de\u011fil. Belli bir ekonomik imkana sahip olmayan gen\u00e7ler y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenime devam edemezken, bu f\u0131rsat e\u015fitsizli\u011fi insanlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde karamsarl\u0131\u011fa sokmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Bogota ve di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde kalacak yer imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. \u00d6zellikle g\u00f6sterilere kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan gen\u00e7ler \u00fccretsiz e\u011fitim ve yurt gibi imkanlar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda taleplerini dile getirmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Protestolar\u0131n geni\u015flemesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer talep demokratik g\u00f6steri hakk\u0131 ve polis \u015fiddetinin durdurulmas\u0131 zira olaylar\u0131n geni\u015flemesinde, protestolar\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131ndan itibaren a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir polis \u015fiddeti uygulanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli maddelerinden biri olan demokratik protesto hakk\u0131yla ilgili hen\u00fcz bir yasa yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Protestolar\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinde tan\u0131k olunan polis \u015fiddeti, \u00fclkede durumu g\u00f6rece iyi olan orta \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n da mevcut g\u00f6stericilerle dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6stererek soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ve bu \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131 protesto etmeye itti. Bu kapsamda g\u00f6stericilerin taleplerinden birisi ESMAD ad\u0131 verilen ve 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u00e7 kalk\u0131\u015fmalara ve i\u00e7 g\u00fcvenlik olaylar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olan \u00f6zel polis birliklerinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla polis \u015fiddetinin protesto edilmesi g\u00f6sterilerin ana temalar\u0131ndan birisi haline gelmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-sadece-vergi-reformuna-kar\u015f\u0131-de\u011fil-her\u015fey-i\u00e7in.jpeg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-sadece-vergi-reformuna-kar\u015f\u0131-de\u011fil-her\u015fey-i\u00e7in.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-sadece-vergi-reformuna-kar\u015f\u0131-de\u011fil-her\u015fey-i\u00e7in-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-sadece-vergi-reformuna-kar\u015f\u0131-de\u011fil-her\u015fey-i\u00e7in-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-sadece-vergi-reformuna-kar\u015f\u0131-de\u011fil-her\u015fey-i\u00e7in-360x359.jpeg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" width=\"705\" height=\"704\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<figcaption>Bogota, sadece vergi reformuna kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil her\u015fey i\u00e7in<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u00dclkedeki \u015fiddet de bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede protestolara kat\u0131lan g\u00f6stericilerin ana g\u00fcndem maddelerinden birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kolombiya\u2019da <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?locations=CO\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cinayet say\u0131lar\u0131 resmi verilere g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksekken<\/a>, kay\u0131tlara girmeyen bir\u00e7ok olay\u0131n da g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin saha ziyareti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz Tumaco\u2019da hakim durumda olan iki ayr\u0131 FARC grubu \u015fehri tamamen ter\u00f6rize etmi\u015f durumda ve her g\u00fcn birka\u00e7 insan \u00f6l\u00fcyor. Bunlara ek olarak, \u00fclkede iki ayr\u0131 cinayet trendinden daha bahsedebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn: \u0130lki silah b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f FARC \u00fcyelerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ki bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu yana 250\u2019nin \u00fczerinde eski FARC militan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc (Charles, Baysal, Forero, 2021) ki bu konu bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131na en b\u00fcy\u00fck darbeyi vuran sorunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. \u0130kinci cinayet trendi ise \u00fclkedeki insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131, toplumsal konularda ilgili lider konumundaki bireyler ile yerli kabileler gibi gruplar\u0131n liderlerini kapsamaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkede alternatif seslerin susturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan bu insanlara y\u00f6nelik sistematik bir \u015fiddet uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Protestocular\u0131n istekleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle bu t\u00fcr sistematik cinayetlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi talebi de yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00f6sterilere kat\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka grup olan \u00e7ift\u00e7iler de \u00f6ncelikle vergi reformuyla tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine getirilen vergiler sebebiyle soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Fakat \u00fclkedeki \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin sorunlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazla ve bu kapsamda taleplerinin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok. Saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla, normal resmi vergi yan\u0131nda k\u0131rsaldaki silahl\u0131 gruplar da yine vergi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7it\u00e7ilerden hara\u00e7 almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu sorunlara ek olarak k\u0131rsaldaki altyap\u0131 eksiklikleri ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bu konudaki isteksizli\u011fi \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin protestolara kat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir sebep olarak ifade edilebilir. Elbette bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda ge\u00e7en koka \u00fcreticilerinin farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretimine y\u00f6neltmek i\u00e7in bu insanlara destek verilmesi hususunun da tam uygulanm\u0131yor olu\u015funu da \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin protestolara kat\u0131lma sebepleri aras\u0131nda saymak gerekiyor. Benzer \u015fekilde bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda belirtilen toprak reformunun tam olarak uygulanmamas\u0131 k\u0131rsaldaki insanlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Topraks\u0131z ve ger\u00e7ekten fakirlik i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ana talepleri toprak reformu. \u00c7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc fiziki \u015fartlarda hayatlar\u0131na devam eden bu insanlar, evlerinin bah\u00e7elerinde kendi t\u00fcketimleri i\u00e7in <em>pl\u00e1tano<\/em> &nbsp;(pi\u015firilerek yenen bir muz t\u00fcr\u00fc) ya da patates gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnler yeti\u015ftirirken, parasal olarak sadece koka \u00fcreticisi toprak sahiplerinin \u00e7itliklerinde g\u00fcnl\u00fck yevmiyeli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak bir kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayabiliyorlar. Bu insanlar\u0131n maddi olarak durumlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc. Protestocular\u0131n bu konudaki talepleri de bu insanlarla ilgili ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n giderilmesi ve kapsaml\u0131 bir toprak reformunun yap\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde.<\/p>\n<p>Protestolara kat\u0131lan gruplardan bir di\u011feri olan yerli kabilelerin y\u00fczy\u0131llardan beri s\u00fcregelen birtak\u0131m talepleri mevcut. Tabii ki bu talepler kolonyal d\u00f6nemden beri bu insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlarla do\u011frudan ilgili. Protestolar boyunca \u00f6zellikle bu insanlar taraf\u0131ndan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/es\/ind%C3%ADgenas-colombianos-derriban-estatua-de-conquistador-espa%C3%B1ol-en-bogot%C3%A1\/a-57467325#:~:text=Ind%C3%ADgenas%20colombianos%20derriban%20estatua%20de%20conquistador%20espa%C3%B1ol%20en%20Bogot%C3%A1,-Miembros%20de%20la&amp;text=Ind%C3%ADgenas%20colombianos%20derribaron%20este%20viernes,el%20gobierno%20de%20Iv%C3%A1n%20Duque.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0130spanyol kolonyal liderlerinin heykellerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131<\/a> bu insanlar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok eski tarihlere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir g\u00f6stergesi. K\u0131rsalda silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ezilen bu insanlar kendi topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Son derece bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l olan bu gruplar\u0131n taleplerinden birisi bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131nda karara var\u0131lan ancak tam olarak uygulanmaya toprak reformu kapsam\u0131nda kedilerine geri verilecek olan topraklar\u0131n teslim edilmesidir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgelerindeki silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan da kurtulmay\u0131 talep etmektedirler istiyorlar. Bunlara ek olarak di\u011fer gruplar ile ortak bir ama\u00e7 olarak koka tarlalar\u0131n\u0131n havadan zehirlenmesine kar\u015f\u0131lar ve bunun tekrar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini istemiyorlar. Bu ila\u00e7lama hem insanlara hem de do\u011faya b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verirken, ila\u00e7lama yap\u0131lan b\u00f6lgedeki bitkilerin ve di\u011fer tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin de b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zarar g\u00f6rmesine sebep oluyor.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcm bu anlat\u0131lanlardan da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, \u00fclkedeki farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve gruplar\u0131n talepleri birbirinden farkl\u0131 alanlarda olsa da iki alanda birbiriyle kesi\u015fmektedir. Bunlardan ilki \u00fclkede devam eden sosyo-ekonomik adaletsizlik. Nitekim ifade edilen sorunlar\u0131n ve dile getirilen taleplerin hemen hepsi alt ve alt-orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmakta. H\u00fck\u00fcmet sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde isteksizli\u011fini devam ettirirken, politikalar da bu insanlar\u0131n taleplerini \u00f6ncelemekten \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r. Kolombiya\u2019daki mevcut ve hakim sistemin \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n durumunu korumaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funu ifade edebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. G\u00f6stericilerin ikinci ortak s\u00f6ylemi ise \u201canti-Uribismo\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Uribe kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Alvaro Uribe, 2002-2010 d\u00f6neminde Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Uribe\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde hem \u00fclke eliti ve b\u00fcrokrasisi ile bunlar\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen bir sistem kurdu hem de \u00f6zellikle sol silahl\u0131 gruplara y\u00f6nelik \u00e7ok sert bir politika izledi (Baysal, 2019). Sol silahl\u0131 gruplara y\u00f6nelik askeri operasyonlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7arak, s\u00f6z konusu silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda zay\u0131flat\u0131rken, paralelindeki k\u00f6y bo\u015faltmalar\u0131 ya da katliamlar vb. pek \u00e7ok insan hakk\u0131 ihlaline de yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu politikalar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 do\u011frudan devlet kuvvetleri ile yap\u0131l\u0131rken, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan icra edilmi\u015ftir (Baysal,&nbsp; 2019). Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm bu olaylar nedeniyle Uribe, halihaz\u0131rda \u00e7e\u015fitli su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 yarg\u0131lanmakta ve ev hapsinde tutulmaktad\u0131r. Uribe\u2019den sonra ba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revini devralan iki ba\u015fkan da Uribe\u2019nin partisinden se\u00e7ildi. 2010\u2019da ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilen Juan Manual Santos, se\u00e7ildi\u011fi Milli Birlik Sosyal Partisinden (<em>Partido Social de Unidad Nacional)<\/em> \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir politika benimseyip FARC ile bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt\u0131. Uribe ise bu s\u00fcrece muhalif olan en \u00f6nemli politik fig\u00fcr olmu\u015ftur. Bar\u0131\u015f s\u00fcreci sonras\u0131 Uribe, daha kolay kontrol edebilece\u011fi Ivan Duque\u2019yi 2018\u2019de aday g\u00f6stererek ba\u015fkan se\u00e7ilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede son olarak, Uribe\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcnde olan Duque\u2019nin yetersizlikleri ve bunun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 demokratik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar da protestolar\u0131n hedefine oturmu\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri \u00fclke siyasetinin merkezinde olan Uribe\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda iktidarda veya iktidar\u0131 kontrol eder pozisyonda olmu\u015ftur. Bu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda g\u00f6stericilerin \u201canti-Uribismo\u201d etraf\u0131nda birle\u015fmesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler-1024x498.jpeg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler-1024x498.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler-300x146.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler-768x374.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler-360x175.jpeg 360w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Plaza-Bolivar-G\u00f6steriler.jpeg 1480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" width=\"1024\" height=\"498\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<figcaption>Bogota, Plaza Bolivar, G\u00f6steriler<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p><strong>Protestolar neden \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>23 May\u0131s 2021 itibariyle biri polis memuru olmak \u00fczere <a href=\"http:\/\/www.indepaz.org.co\/victimas-de-violencia-homicida-en-el-marco-del-paro-nacional\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">50\u2019nin \u00fczerinde insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti<\/a>. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce yaral\u0131 ve kay\u0131p mevcut. Farkl\u0131 sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctleri \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla oldu\u011funu da iddia ediyorlar. Ayr\u0131ca, protestolara destek vermek \u00fczere <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/en\/americas\/clashes-in-colombia-leave-indigenous-people-wounded\/2235886\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cali\u2019ye gelen yerli kabile \u00fcyelerinden 8\u2019i vuruldu<\/a>. Sosyal medyaya yans\u0131yan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler son derece k\u00f6t\u00fc. Baz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerde askeri helikopterler ile protestolar\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan polisin halk\u0131n \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Di\u011fer taraftan \u00fclkede bir\u00e7ok ya\u011fma ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k olaylar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc, bir\u00e7ok belediye otob\u00fcs\u00fc ve durak kullan\u0131lamaz hale geldi. Bir\u00e7ok ma\u011fazan\u0131n, bankan\u0131n camlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Bogota da merkezi yerlerdeki bankalar, ma\u011fazalar hatta apartmanlar bile giri\u015flerini, vitrinlerini ah\u015fap plakalarla kaplam\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n<p>Peki bu olaylar neden \u015fiddetlendi? Bir\u00e7ok post-kolonyal \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi Kolombiya\u2019da da devletin zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 (<em>weak state<\/em>) \u00f6ncelikli neden olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Arlene B. Tickner\u2019\u0131n vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere (Tickner, 2021), zay\u0131f devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flay\u0131p \u015fiddet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tekeline alabilmi\u015f de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla devlet ontolojik bir korku ve g\u00fcvenliksizlik ikilemi i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015famakta, buna paralel olarak da kendisine gelen t\u00fcm ele\u015ftirileri g\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirmekte ve bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren tedbirler almakta (ayr\u0131ca bknz: Sanin ve Viatela, 2007). Bu asl\u0131nda sadece Kolombiya\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc bir durum de\u011fil. Ancak Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n mevcut h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n, yukar\u0131da ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, do\u011frudan eski devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Uribe kontrol\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir me\u015fruiyet sorununu yan\u0131nda getirerek bu t\u00fcr ele\u015ftiri ve protestolar\u0131n g\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyor.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclke \u00f6zelinde \u015fiddetin artmas\u0131nda etkili olan, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle olaylarda \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren eylemleri uygulayan polis ve ordunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki hem daha \u00e7ok sa\u011f e\u011filimli paramiliter gruplar hem de sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olaylar\u0131n \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren nitelik kazanmas\u0131nda etkili. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fczensizlikten beslenen ve bu d\u00fczensizli\u011fi uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ya\u011fma ya da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k gibi eylemleri i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat g\u00f6ren insanlar da \u015fiddet eylemlerinin artmas\u0131ndaki bir di\u011fer etmen. Son olarak bu insanlar\u0131n eylemleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla radikalle\u015ferek eylemcilere \u015fiddet uygulayan sivillerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z etmek gerekmektedir. T\u00fcm bu fakt\u00f6rleri biraz daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelemek konuya a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kavu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Sa\u011fl\u0131k-bir-l\u00fctuf-de\u011fil-hakt\u0131r.jpeg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Sa\u011fl\u0131k-bir-l\u00fctuf-de\u011fil-hakt\u0131r.jpeg 421w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Sa\u011fl\u0131k-bir-l\u00fctuf-de\u011fil-hakt\u0131r-300x262.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bogota-Sa\u011fl\u0131k-bir-l\u00fctuf-de\u011fil-hakt\u0131r-360x314.jpeg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" width=\"421\" height=\"367\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<figcaption>Bogota, Sa\u011fl\u0131k bir l\u00fctuf de\u011fil hakt\u0131r<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p>\u015eiddetin artmas\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordu ve polis g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 gelmektedir. Kolombiya ordusu \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019den ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri yard\u0131m ve e\u011fitim sayesinde b\u00f6lgenin say\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve d\u00fczenli ordular\u0131ndan birisi ve ordunun devlet i\u00e7erisinde belli bir otonom yap\u0131s\u0131 var. Askeri yap\u0131 ve te\u00e7hizat devletleraras\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan ziyade i\u00e7 tehditlerin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na g\u00f6re dizayn edilmi\u015f durumda. Elinde \u00e7eki\u00e7 olan \u00e7akacak \u00e7ivi ararm\u0131\u015f deyiminden hareketle devletin elinde bu t\u00fcr olaylara kar\u015f\u0131 kullanabilece\u011fi b\u00f6yle bir ara\u00e7 olmas\u0131 onu kolayl\u0131kla kullanabilmesini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Ya\u015fanan son olaylarda polis birliklerinin yan\u0131nda askerler de belli seviyede protestolara m\u00fcdahalede kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ordunun otonom yap\u0131da olmas\u0131 ve ontolojik olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirme kayg\u0131s\u0131 da \u00f6nemli bir etmen. B\u00f6lgede \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda silahl\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimali olduk\u00e7a zay\u0131f. Bu da ordunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan askeri harcamalar\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiriyor. Son d\u00f6nemde imzalanan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u00fclkedeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck silahl\u0131 grup olan FARC\u2019\u0131n da silah b\u0131rakmas\u0131 bu sorgulamalar\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f durumda. Ordu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda askeri yap\u0131da ve Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 olan polis g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7in mevcut protestolar ve bu protestolara kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 belli bir ontolojik dayanak sa\u011fl\u0131yor \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Nitekim, protestolar sayesinde bu kurumlar kendi varl\u0131k ve me\u015fruiyetlerini devam ettirme ad\u0131na kendilerine yeni bir sava\u015f bulmu\u015f durumdalar (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/12\/world\/americas\/colombia-protests-police-brutality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York Times<\/a>, 12 May\u0131s 2021).<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkedeki paramiliter ve sol e\u011filimli silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olaylar\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesinde \u00f6nemli bir etmen. M\u00fclakat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ki\u015filerin tamam\u0131 paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7lerin protestolara dahil olup \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren eylemlerde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n Kolombiya i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak bir durum olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Hatta bu konudaki arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131 devletin deste\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u015fiddet eylemleri ile h\u00fck\u00fcmetin protestolar\u0131n me\u015fruiyetini ve deste\u011fini zay\u0131flatmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Bu kapsamda H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ve Uribe\u2019nin temel arg\u00fcman\u0131, FARC ve ELN gibi \u00f6zellikle sol e\u011filimli gruplar\u0131n protestolarda \u015fiddet eylemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fidir (Asuntos Legales, 3 May\u0131s 2021). Protestocularla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fclakatlarda bu konunun ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sordu\u011fumuzda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6re hepimiz ya gerilla ya da ter\u00f6ristiz\u201d \u015feklinde yan\u0131tlar verdi. Di\u011fer yandan h\u00fck\u00fcmet bu s\u00f6ylemler ile polis ve askerlerin \u015fiddet uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma gayreti i\u00e7erisindedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, protestolar\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinde Uribe twitter \u00fczerinden polis ve ordunun ter\u00f6ristlerin eylemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kendini savunma hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Colombia Reports, 1 May\u0131s 2021).<\/p>\n<p>Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki d\u00fczensizlikten beslenen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar da protestolar\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesinde etkili olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclkedeki uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 gelmektedir, nitekim d\u00fczensizlik ortam\u0131nda uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile u\u011fra\u015fanlar i\u015flerini daha rahatl\u0131kla yapabilmektedir. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta ise d\u00fczensizlik ortam\u0131ndan istifade ederek h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ya da ya\u011fma gibi i\u015flere giri\u015fen insanlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclkede protestolar boyunca a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve polisin yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda d\u00fckk\u00e2n ya\u011fmalamalar\u0131 ya da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k eylemlerinin s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Archilla, 2021). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu iki grupta ele al\u0131nabilecek insanlar\u0131n, \u00fclkede ya\u015fanan d\u00fczensizli\u011fin\/karma\u015fan\u0131n devam\u0131ndan yana olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo-1024x866.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo-1024x866.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo-300x254.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo-768x649.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo-360x304.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Bucaramanga-G\u00f6stericilerin-bir\u00e7ok-farkl\u0131-talebi-var-sosyal-liderlerin-\u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi-bunlardan-birisi-Andres-Sampayo.jpg 1075w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" width=\"1024\" height=\"866\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<figcaption>Bucaramanga, G\u00f6stericilerin bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 talebi var, sosyal liderlerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi bunlardan birisi Andres Sampayo<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p><strong>Sonu\u00e7 Yerine: Olaylar Nelere Gebe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kolombiya\u2019daki protestolar bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 24 May\u0131s 2021 tarihi itibariyle halen devam etmekte. Eylemler sayesinde protestocular\u0131n elde etti\u011fi baz\u0131 kazan\u0131mlar da mevcut. \u00d6rne\u011fin daha protestolar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/colombias-president-withdraws-tax-reform-after-protests-2021-05-02\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vergi yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 geri \u00e7ekildi<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/colombia-finance-minister-resigns-after-protests-against-tax-reform\/a-57418516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hazine bakan\u0131 istifa etti<\/a>. Ayr\u0131ca ge\u00e7en hafta Ba\u015fkan Ivan Duque alt gelir seviyesindeki \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemde <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/colombia-finance-minister-resigns-after-protests-against-tax-reform\/a-57418516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">devlet \u00fcniversitelerinin \u00fccretsiz olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131<\/a>. Ancak yaz\u0131n\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ele al\u0131nan halk\u0131n taleplerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n bu protestolar ile sa\u011flanabilmesi olduk\u00e7a zor. Nitekim taleplerin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, \u00fclkede genel bir sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sa\u011flanmadan bu taleplerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckmemektedir. Ayr\u0131ca protestolar\u0131n daha ne kadar s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi konusunda da baz\u0131 soru i\u015faretleri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Protestolardaki ya\u011fma, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, otob\u00fcs ve duraklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lamaz hale gelmesi ve yol kapamalar gibi baz\u0131 eylemler, protestolara katk\u0131 sa\u011flamayan insanlarda rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar yaratmaya, ayr\u0131ca protestolarla ilgili me\u015fruiyet sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7maya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlere baz\u0131 g\u0131da maddelerinin nakledilememesi ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yoklu\u011fu veya fahi\u015f fiyattan sat\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 vb. sorunlar da bu trendi destekler nitelikte. Ancak bunlardan dolay\u0131 protestolar\u0131n k\u0131sa zamanda sona erebilece\u011fi ya da geni\u015fleyerek devam edece\u011fine sair bir \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde bulunmak olduk\u00e7a zor. Halihaz\u0131rda ilk g\u00fcnlerdeki \u015fiddetini k\u0131smen kaybeden eylemler sona erebilece\u011fi gibi, benzer sorunlarla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze olan b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine de s\u0131\u00e7rayarak daha geni\u015f b\u00f6lgesel bir toplumsal harekete de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. Ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere uluslararas\u0131 toplumun protesto ve \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131na tepkisi ve h\u00fck\u00fcmete yapacaklar\u0131 bask\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te etkili olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Fakat \u015funu da ifade etmek gerekiyor ki, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fclakatlarda tespit edebildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla protestolar\u0131n genel bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7in bir kap\u0131 aralad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade edebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Kolombiya\u2019da insanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 mevcut kaosa ra\u011fmen \u00fclkedeki sorunlar\u0131n fark\u0131nda dahi de\u011fil; b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fayan halk k\u0131rsaldaki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lardan haberdar de\u011fil, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015fanan protestolar sayesinde \u00fcst orta s\u0131n\u0131fta ve \u00f6zellikle de gen\u00e7lerde \u00fclkenin ana sorunlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda belli bir fark\u0131ndal\u0131k olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Sosyal medya da bu fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz protestocular\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u00f6zel olarak kendilerinin ekonomik ya da sosyal anlamda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorunu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fakat bu sorunlar\u0131 ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce onlarla dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in protestolara kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ettiler. Bu da \u00f6zellikle \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131l yap\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanan se\u00e7imlerde farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 tetikleyebilecek bir durum olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Not:<\/strong> Bu yaz\u0131da kaleme al\u0131nan temel arg\u00fcmanlar, son 4 ay i\u00e7erisinde Kolombiya\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde icra edilen saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, odak grup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve etnografik kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 g\u00f6zlem) ve son haftalarda protestolara kat\u0131lan ki\u015filerle yap\u0131lan m\u00fclakatlara dayanmaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ana saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 T\u00dcBITAK 2219 Doktora Sonras\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Burs Program\u0131 deste\u011fiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><b>Kaynaklar<\/b><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><p>Arcihilla, Mauricio, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CLACS.NYU\/videos\/4238362996194694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Speech at NYU Seminar on Colombian Protest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Asuntos Legales, 3 may\u0131s 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asuntoslegales.com.co\/actualidad\/ministerio-de-la-defensa-identifico-seis-grupos-detras-de-la-violencia-durante-el-paro-nacional-3163437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ministerio de la Defensa identific\u00f3 seis grupos detr\u00e1s de la violencia durante el paro nacional<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Bagley, Bruce, 1984, \u201cColombia: National Front and Economic Development,\u201d \u0130\u00e7inde:&nbsp;<em>Politics, Policies, and Economic Development in Latin America,<\/em> Robert Wesson (ed.), 125-27. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press.<\/p>\n<p>Baysal, Basar, 2019, <em>Securitization and Desecuritization of FARC in Colombia: A Dual Perspective Analysis,<\/em> New York: Rowman Littlefield Lexington Books.<\/p>\n<p>Charles, Mathew H., Basar Baysal ve Juan Diego Forero, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urosario.edu.co\/Documentos\/Facultad-de-Ciencia-Politica-Gobierno-y-Relacione\/Observatorios\/Crimen-organizado\/DOCUMENTOS_OCCO_2_A_Criminal_Peace-18-nov-min.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Criminal Peace: Mapping the Murders of ex-FARC Combatants<\/a>, OCCO Documents, Universidad Del Rosario.<\/p>\n<p>Colombia Reports, 1 May\u0131s 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/colombiareports.com\/colombias-former-president-glorifying-violence-twitter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colombia\u2019s Former President \u201cGlorifying Violence\u201d<\/a>: Twitter.<\/p>\n<p>Braun, Herbert, 1985, <em>The assassination of Gait\u00e1n: Public life and urban violence in Colombia<\/em>, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bushnell, David, 1993, <em>The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself<\/em>, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.<\/p>\n<p>LeGrand, Catherina, 2003, \u201cThe Colombian Crisis in Historical Perspective,\u201d <em>Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies<\/em> 28 (55\/56): 165-209.<\/p>\n<p>LeGrand, Catherine, 1985 <em>Frontier expansion and peasant protest in Colombia, 1850-1936<\/em>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.<\/p>\n<p>New York Times, 12 May\u0131s 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/12\/world\/americas\/colombia-protests-police-brutality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colombia\u2019s Police Made for War, Finds a New One<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Romero, M., 2000i Changing identities and contested settings: Regional Elites and the Paramilitaries in Colombia, <em>International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society,<\/em> Special issue on Colombia, 14(1), 51-69.<\/p>\n<p>Safford, F., &amp; Palacios M., 2002, <em>Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society<\/em> Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>San\u00edn, F. G., Acevedo, T., &amp; Viatela, J. M., 2007, Violent Liberalism? State, Conflict And Political Regime In Colombia, 1930-2006: An Analytical Narrative On State-Making, Crisis States Research Center, Working Paper No.19.<\/p>\n<p>Tate, Winifred, 2001, \u201cParamilitaries in Colombia,\u201d <em>The Brown Journal of World Affairs<\/em> 8(1): 163-175.<\/p>\n<p>Tickner, Arlene B., 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CLACS.NYU\/videos\/4238362996194694\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Speech at NYU Seminar on Colombian Protest<\/a>.<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/basar-baysal-resim.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"187\" height=\"198\"><\/figure>\n<h5>Ba\u015far Baysal, Dr.<\/h5>\n<p>Ba\u015far Baysal, lisans e\u011fitimini 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kara Harp Okulunda, y\u00fcksek lisans e\u011fitimini 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde ve doktora e\u011fitimini 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130.D. Bilkent \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kara Harp Okulu\u2019ndan mezun olmay\u0131 m\u00fcteakip, TSK i\u00e7erisinde yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 farkl\u0131 g\u00f6revlerde bulunan Baysal, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda TSK\u2019dan emekli olmu\u015ftur. Halen T\u00fcbitak Doktora Sonras\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Burs Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Kolombiya-Bogota\u2019da bulunan Universidad Del Rosario\u2019da olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olup Kolombiya Bar\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci\u2019nin uygulanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00fcvenlik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, G\u00fcvenlikle\u015ftirme Teorisi, Bar\u0131\u015f \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 ve DDR S\u00fcre\u00e7leri, Organize Su\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve Latin Amerika\u2019d\u0131r.\n<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\tTelif@UIKPanorama<br>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBu yaz\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i ve bas\u0131l\u0131 telif haklar\u0131 Panorama dergisine aittir. Yaz\u0131da yer verilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yazar\u0131na\/yazarlar\u0131na aittir. U\u0130K Derne\u011fini, Panorama Yay\u0131n Kurulunu, dergi edit\u00f6rlerini ve di\u011fer yazarlar\u0131 ba\u011flamaz.<br>\n\t\t\tBu yaz\u0131ya at\u0131f i\u00e7in:<br>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBa\u015far Baysal, &#8220;Kolombiya Protestolar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi: Sorunun K\u00f6kleri, \u015eiddetin Sebepleri, Talepler ve Olas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar&#8221; Panorama, \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i Yay\u0131n, 27 May\u0131s 2021, https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/27\/kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar\/<br>\n                    Panorama&#8217;da Ne Var?<br>\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/27\/kolombiya-protestolarinin-analizi-sorunun-kokleri-siddetin-sebepleri-talepler-ve-olasi-sonuclar\/\">Kolombiya Protestolar\u0131n\u0131n Analizi: Sorunun K\u00f6kleri, \u015eiddetin Sebepleri, Talepler ve Olas\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar<\/a><br>\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/26\/foreign-policy-w-barcin-yinanc-interview-with-safak-gokturk\/\">Foreign Policy w\/ Bar\u00e7\u0131n Yinan\u00e7: Interview with \u015eafak G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk<\/a><br>\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/23\/50-bin-yillik-dunya-duzeni-birinci-asama-devletin-icadi-avci-toplayicilardan-sumer-kentlerine\/\">Global Akademi Yaz Dersleri<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/23\/50-bin-yillik-dunya-duzeni-birinci-asama-devletin-icadi-avci-toplayicilardan-sumer-kentlerine\/\"><br>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/23\/50-bin-yillik-dunya-duzeni-birinci-asama-devletin-icadi-avci-toplayicilardan-sumer-kentlerine\/\">  Devletin \u0130cad\u0131<\/a><br>\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/blog\/2021\/05\/17\/global-akademi-dersleri-homo-sapiensten-ogrenen-makinalara-dunya-duzeni\/\">Global Akademi Dersleri: Homo Sapiens\u2019ten \u00d6\u011frenen Makinalara D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>E-ISSN: 2718-0549 DOI: 110.13140\/RG.2.2.35114.75208\/2 \u00d6zet Kolombiya\u2019da 28 Nisan\u2019da vergi ve sa\u011fl\u0131k reformlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayan protestolar\u0131n etkisi geni\u015fleyerek \u00fclkedeki k\u00f6kl\u00fc ekonomik ve sosyal sorunlarla ilgili farkl\u0131 talepleri de i\u00e7eren bir toplumsal harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Olaylarda ba\u015fta polis ve ordu olmak \u00fczere paramiliter g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Kolombiya Devrimci Silahl\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7leri (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia \u2013 FARC) ve Ulusal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101,"featured_media":8581,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[497,505],"tags":[656,612],"class_list":["post-11627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essay","category-world","tag-english","tag-security-strategy-geopolitics"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11627"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11627\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.globalpanorama.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}